On December 11, 2017, the Council of the European Union (EU) established a mechanism called the Permanent Structured Cooperation on security and defense (PESCO) with twenty-five EU members participating, except for Denmark, Malta and the United Kingdom (UK). PESСO is a treaty-based framework aimed at strengthening defense cooperation among the EU member states to better respond to common security challenges
Abulkhairkhan Zhunisbek is a research fellow at the Eurasian Institute of the International H.A Yassawi Kazakh-Turkish University. He graduated from Abylai Khan Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages with a Bachelor in International Relations. He obtained his master’s degree in Diplomatic Studies at the University of Oxford through the Bolashak scholarship. His thesis “ Political Economy of Oil: the case of Kazakhstan” received distinction mark. Prior to joining the ERI, he worked for governmental and international organizations.